Türkiye's unique geographical position spans three major biogeographic regions—Mediterranean, Euro-Siberian, and Irano-Turanian—each hosting distinct ecosystems and species. The country is home to 3,022 endemic plant species, with an overall endemism rate of 31.8%, and serves as a gene center for several families, such as Lamiaceae with a 44.2% endemism rate. Historically, Türkiye's rich biodiversity has played a vital role in folk medicine. Today, approximately 347 MAP species are harvested for commercial use, including 35 endemic species, meeting both domestic and international market demands. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for herbal products significantly increased. Since the 1960s, the General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies (TAGEM) has supported MAP cultivation, resulting in 68 registered cultivars across 20 species and the conservation of 2,641 samples in national gene banks. Ottoman medical traditions also incorporated practices such as hirudotherapy, cauterization, cupping therapy, music therapy, hydrotherapy, and aromatherapy, many of which continue to influence modern complementary medicine in Türkiye